About

Conducted at
Sakarya University – Middle East Institute
Principal Investigator
Tuncay Kardaş, Prof.
Funding
TÜBİTAK 1001 (Project No: 223K553)
Duration
Start Date: 01/07/2024
Finish Date: 04/01/2027

This project is conducted at Sakarya University, Middle East Institute under the coordination of Prof. Dr. Tuncay Kardaş and is supported by the TÜBİTAK 1001 – Scientific and Technological Research Projects Support Program(Project No: 223K553).

The project aims to analyze the mechanisms through which the Ottoman international order was constructed, maintained, and eventually declined during the early modern period (1450–1850) across Africa and Eurasia. It represents the first systematic academic study to examine the Ottoman experience not merely as an imperial model, but as a long-lasting and multi-layered international order.

Moving beyond cultural-reductionist and Eurocentric approaches that marginalize Ottoman political agency, the research investigates how the Ottoman order integrated diverse socio-economic actors, religions, and ethnic communities. Rather than relying on a pre-existing cultural or religious unity, the Ottoman order was sustained through a flexible administrative structure that integrated different political units within an Istanbul-centered hegemonic framework. In this context, the project examines the spatial and political topography of the Ottoman international order through three interconnected zones: centrally governed regions (Anatolia and the Balkans), dependent political units (Arab lands and North African provinces), and external vassal structures (Ottoman Europe and the Crimean Khanate).

The core research questions are as follows: What mechanisms enabled these diverse political and cultural units to remain together for nearly four centuries? How did political, economic, and military interactions function in a stable and long-term manner? To address these questions, the project employs a three-layered analytical framework consisting of micro, meso, and macro levels. At the micro level, the role of decision-making elites and administrative practices is examined; at the meso level, institutional and legitimacy-building mechanisms that structured political authority are analyzed; and at the macro level, the military, economic, and geopolitical strategies underpinning Ottoman power are explored. The research is based on a broad body of secondary literature accumulated in Ottoman historiography over recent decades, as well as primary sources, including approximately 200 Miri Ahkam and Mühimme Registers translated into modern Turkish by the Ottoman Archives.

Publications